A female inheriting a more 'masculine' pattern of activity may suffer reduced fitness by losing out in competition for fecundity-limiting resources or through expensive and ineffectual behaviours.
Many say Ipsa is inefficient, expensive and that its behaviour has been heavy-handed.
But does Benet's behaviour really warrant expensive psychiatric treatment?
Child curfew orders proved unworkable, night courts too expensive, and the anti-social behaviour orders bureaucratic and difficult to enforce.Much of the inspiration for Labour's latest policy on low-level crime comes from the success of the former New York mayor, Rudolph Giuliani, in cleaning up his city.
Metamodelling offers an efficient way to imitate the behaviour of computationally expensive simulators.
Antipredator behaviours are energetically expensive and reduce time available for other important activities such as foraging, mating and resource defence [1], [2].
Nevertheless, we know that all helping and submissive behaviours are energetically expensive in our study species [35], [36], helpers do increase breeder fitness [4], [11], [18] and helpers can release breeders from their duties [22], [31], [33], [37] [38].
Direct observations was considered infeasible, as it was expensive and it may also influence behaviour; resulting in exposure estimates that are affected by social desirability.
The logic behind this bizarre behaviour is that triplets are expensive so that state eases the parents' burden by looking after them.
It may be a rite of passage for some, but playing truant at school could get expensive if the government follows the advice of behaviour adviser Charlie Taylor.
