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These studies illustrate that although a larger number of response categories generally tend to increase variance and, hence, correlations and reliability coefficients [ 6], this is not always the case and might be at the expense of validity [ 6, 14, 16, 17, 19].
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Although vulnerable women may be at higher risk of discontinuation, variability in ethnicity, SES etc. is present, and tends to reflect the urban Calgary parenting population, which allows for examining associations for these factors, maintaining internal validity at the expense of external validity (generalizability).
This decision enhances internal validity, possibly at the expense of external validity.
This is particularly important given previous criticisms of RCTs of ERS that what is gained in internal validity is often at the expense of external validity [ 66].
However, internal validity is often achieved at the expense of external validity.
However, the enhanced internal validity accomplished in such research is often gained at the expense of external validity since the study conditions tend to be far removed from routine practice.
Psychologists typically focus on underlying cognitive mechanisms at the expense of ecological validity, while behavioural ecologists generally examine adaptive function but ignore cognition.
This is achieved at the expense of external validity.
However, studies have shown that respondents have a tendency to backfill entries [ 1], and thus diary measurements rely heavily on memory at the expense of data validity.
Trials embedded in real world practice tend to have strong external validity, though often at the expense of weaker internal validity than explanatory trials.
This will enhance understanding of underlying mechanisms and will justify the time, expense and validity of assessing the intervention in a clinical setting.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com