In addition to increased total use of antimicrobial agents, newer antimicrobial agents are being used, e.g., cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems, at the expense of extended-spectrum penicillins (except pivmecillinam), aminoglycosides, and macrolides (14 ).
However, a reduction in decoding complexity is obtained at the expense of a reduced spectrum (d i,N i ) when compared to that of the best recursive encoder of rate k/ k + 1)[1].
However, given a specific primary user over its working band, the spectral attenuation may be only 30 dB at the expense of the obvious spectrum efficiency decline in nonprimary bands.
As an alternative to cyclophosphamide, it seems to offer some benefits in terms of antitumour effect, but only at the expense of a wider spectrum of toxicity (Vela-Ojeda et al, 2000).
The resultant immune response can then favour the protected invaders, at the expense of a broad spectrum of residents including those that resist the phage but are susceptible to the immune response.
But Thomas Hazlett, a former FCC chief economist now with the Manhattan Institute, argues that the FCC is expanding unlicensed spectrum at the expense of creating licensed, commercial spectrum that could spur even greater innovation.
John Zeglis, the chief executive, said he expected AT&T Wireless to achieve operating profitability, or financial results that do not include expenses like the acquisition of spectrum licenses, for the first time in its history in 2003.
This approach to radio spectrum management has been mostly successful in interference avoidance, but at the expense of efficiency in overall spectrum utilization.
In the case of television, the scarcity of spectrum, and the expense of building a cable system, have been additional justifications for regulating ownership.Now, though, these arguments are weaker.
The company said its operating income was negatively impacted by an FCC spectrum auction expense of $516 million, and an impairment of long-lived assets expense of $123 million.
