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He cites Haldane (1932) as the originator of the term "altruist" to denote a phenotype "that contributes to group advantage at the expense of disadvantage to itself" (1980, p. 840).
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Thus, it can become competitive at the expense of other disadvantages: volume of the concrete, demands on the foundation deformation moduli, thermal stress, etc. (Goubet 1992).
However, these advantages are achieved at the expense of one major disadvantage, i.e., degradation in the quality of synthetic speech [1].
The report asks: "Is this a gendered preference, so that the predominantly female primary school teachers and the half of secondary school teachers who are female prefer fiction and are unconsciously promoting fiction at the expense of nonfiction and disadvantaging boys?".
In addition, "cost" includes more than the expense of complying with regulations; any disadvantage could be termed a cost.
The potential disadvantages, including expense of time, potential adverse events and discomfort related to fasting, are expected to be overshadowed by the knowledge and possible clinical importance that the trial outcome will produce.
The potential disadvantages, including expense of time, potential adverse events and discomfort related to blood pressure measurements and study visits are expected to be overshadowed by the knowledge and possible clinical importance that the trial outcome will produce.
Another interesting finding – that the perception of travel expenses being a disadvantage of the injections was not associated with being willing to try injections but was associated with permanently switching after the trial – suggests that perhaps patients did not realize the benefit of the saved travel costs until several visits had been averted.
Although this pattern allows increased expiratory flow rates, this comes at the expense of a greater inspiratory load and mechanical disadvantage for the respiratory muscles.
He suggests the small increase in farmers' wages is at the expense of further entrenching the agrarian status quo, disadvantaging migrant workers and those outside the Fairtrade organisation.
Disadvantages include radiation dose, expense of the test, the need for expertise to perform and interpret the images, and the limited availability of some tracers including FLT (Murphy and Bergström, 2009), which is an issue we encountered on performing this study.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com