The Investment Company Institute, the mutual fund trade group, has a broader expense measure, although it also does not include trading costs.
In its latest data, as of the end of 2001, the institute said the expense measure was 1.25percentt of assets of equity funds and 0.97percentt of bond funds.
The service expense/total expense measure is the proportion of funds spent on programme services.
From 1999 to 2012, all school districts in California had their academic performance measured via the Academic Performance Index (API) and educational expenses measured on a per student basis.
As R&D expenses measure the availability of growth options in a firm's investment opportunity set, firms with greater R&D expenses can benefit more from the risk reduction of corporate hedging through lower risk of underinvestment problems and associated agency costs (Choi et al. 2013).
Health care expenses measured as a percentage of GDP would surge as expenses increased and GDP fell sharply.
"It's very difficult for the average participant to determine what the total expenses are, how those expenses measure up, and who exactly is getting paid and how much," said Bud Green, a principal at Fortress Wealth Management Inc., a 401(k) consulting firm in Santa Monica.
Mr. Safir said he could not pinpoint how much tonight's extra patrols would cost, adding that officials tried to minimize the expense with measures like assigning plainclothes officers to uniformed detail.
The expense ratio measures operating expenses relative to the total value of the fund.
