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If the railroads treated capital expenditures the same way that operating expenses were treated, they would have huge losses for many years that would discourage investors.
As many economists (and non-economists) have pointed out, the G.D.P. accounts for all expenditures the same way, regardless of whether they are for cancer treatment — something all Americans would obviously prefer to avoid — or ice cream — something just about everyone enjoys.
Similar(58)
Fung (2005) shows that R&D expenditures being the same, the followers in technological knowledge will catch up with the leaders as they receive knowledge spillovers from the leader.
The price relatives described earlier are weighted according to the amounts consumers spend on each product; the resulting figures are summed for all commodities and divided by the sum of the base year expenditures for the same collection of commodities.
For instance, Fung (2005) shows that R&D expenditures being the same, the followers in technology will eventually catch up with the leaders, because they receive knowledge spillovers from the leaders.
Dr. Baum views this expenditure the same way he views Cipro distribution to thousands of city workers to snuff out a germ they probably aren't infected with in the first place.
Since 2011, revenue has increased by $12.6 billion, which is half the total increase in expenditures over the same time, per Figure 2. The difference in revenue and expenditures means Netflix has burned through nearly $13 billion since 2011.
Such tax expenditures have the same effect as spending programs.
The price index for consumer expenditures rose the same amount as in January, 0.3percentt.
"That is comparable with overall health care expenditures of the same period".
"But they might well think that it's fair to limit their expenditures to the same limit of others who don't have the financial capacity to fund their own campaigns".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com