For example, some road-repair expenditures were based on the miles of highways in each state, and some aid to state governments was based on past Medicaid funding.
The limits on expenditures are based on the voting-age population of each state and, applying a formula of roughly seven cents a person, range this year from a low of $67,560 for Senate races in the 12 smallest states to $1.6 million in California.
The estimation of drug expenditures was based on several assumptions that may have caused under- or overestimation.
The estimation of T2DM-attributable expenditures was based on the difference in expenditures between patients with T2DM and matched controls without diabetes.
Energy expenditure was based on a rating system developed by Hettinger et al. [49] and distinguishes between work of low, moderate and high activity which corresponds to an energy expenditure of <8, 8 12 and >12 kJ/min.
Early approaches to adjustment of health expenditure were based on demographic variables alone.
As in most surveys, information on expenditure was based on recall and thus subject to errors in the reported figures.
Energy expenditure was based on estimated basal metabolic rate (17), and a physical activity level of 1.55 (sedentary) was assumed for this cohort of office workers.
The division into expenditure quintiles is based on data from the sum of twelve months' expenditures.
So, how do the options stack up? (Note: calorie expenditure below is based on standardised metabolic equivalent tasks – METs – an estimate of the energy requirement for a given activity compared to being at rest, for a person weighing 140lbs, or 10st. Expect individual variation, influenced by gender, age and body composition).
The expenditure data is based on recall, and perhaps more importantly the relatively short recall period needed to minimise recall error which will lead to high variability for conditions that have less frequent but expensive events.
