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Furthermore, addiction to cigarettes or alcohol can crowd out other household expenditures, having a negative impact on living standards, particularly for low-income households [ 24].
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Sometimes introduced as temporary provisions, tax expenditures have a way of becoming permanent entitlements.
High OOP health expenditures have a serious impact on vulnerable people who subsequently experience debt, income loss and catastrophic health expenditures [ 7, 19].
As with health care expenditures, long-term care expenditures have a skewed, rather than a normal, distribution and a log transformation can be used for the OLS estimation (Manning & Mullahy [ 41]).
Therefore, the value of healthcare expenditures has a less direct impact on the national budget than in other countries; health care is largely provided by a variety of for-profit commercial enterprises in the US (i.e., there are numerous health insurers, centers, clinics, hospitals, and providers who must each make a profit on the provision of health care services to the public).
With respect to GDP per capita growth, it was an important short-term determinant of social expenditure, having a similar impact in both periods but with opposite signs.
Authors also suggest that expenditures have an even stronger lagged influence on sales.
Protection against catastrophic and huge health expenditure: Having an health insurance provides security for households and protect them from financial burden.
Just about every tax expenditure has a powerful interest group behind it.
Results showed that health expenditure has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in both samples.
For Latin American countries, Lora (2009) gives an interpretation of the convergence coefficient stating that social expenditure has a certain inertia.
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