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We now turn to the specific expenditures in the social expenditures category.
Within the social expenditures category, education expenditures and environmental protection expenditures refer to the items of education and environmental protection, respectively; social security and healthcare expenditures are the sum of the items social security and employment and medical and healthcare.
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Because officials did not classify expenditures by spending category in that data, the analysis involved categorizing thousands of payments.
In the first step, the probability of participation in each expenditure category is estimated using a probit regression.
Compared to education expenditures (24%%) and social security and healthcare expenditures (19.5 %), it is a relatively small expenditure category (see Table 5).
As we need a separate price index for children's goods, we use a U.S. city average by expenditure category and commodity and service group.
A range of Wu‐Hausman tests confirm the necessity to identify causal effects: remittances are highly correlated with the error term in each expenditure category (see Appendix).
where w ij is the budget share of expenditure category i by household j, x j is total household expenditures, n j is household size (thus x j n j is per‐capita expenditures).
The second largest expenditure category is health policy (20%).
In women, the relative risk of Spanish-born versus immigrants increases from 1.6 for the low expenditure category to 5.3 for the high expenditure category.
The program spending per expenditure category was relatively efficient except for communications.
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