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Beyond the official information communicated periodically by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (hereafter, MHLW) and other organizations of the Japanese government, few empirical studies on Japan's LTC expenditures are available in English.
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A list of the specific expenditures is available on The New York Times Company's Web site at nytco.com/company /foundation/nine11.neediest.html.html
Data on health expenditures were available in these databases for the period between 2001 and 2005.
Data on public education expenditures were available from 1998 to 2005 but not for all countries throughout the entire period between 1998 and 2005.
Non-clinical GCEP resources included capital, overhead costs, consumables and manpower, of which only yearly total expenditures were available.
Norwegian sales figures for medicines (quantity and expenditure) are available from official sales statistics and provide the price of drugs to consumers.
First, because if structures and resources are really important, then positive results should also tend to increase where more R&D expenditure is available, but a negative (though non statistically significant) trend was observed instead.
For the financial year 2005/06, data on actual expenditure is available up to quarter two and only in terms of development and recurrent components.
Health expenditure data are available both on individual level and for different cancer sites for specific sub-groups of population (as is the case of the Medicare database, which includes only patients of 65 and over [ 10]).
The assets-based wealth index used here is only a proxy indicator for household economic status, which may not always produce results similar to those obtained from direct measurements of income and expenditure where such data are available or can be collected reliably [ 39].
Both self-reported household expenditure and household income data are available in the NHSS data; however, it is suggested that for developing countries expenditure data is a better proxy of household economic status than income data since the latter is likely to be under-reported [ 35].
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