As the NHS budget has more than doubled in real terms under Labour, accounting now for 18% of total public expenditure, inputs – pairs of hands, drugs, equipment, and so on – have raced ahead.
For expenditure on input subsidies, Malawi had the highest expenditure (see Table 1), so in this simulation scenario, the other three countries' expenditure on input subsidies was changed to Malawi's level.
In this paper, we set out to determine the impact of extension-personnel-to-farmer ratios and government expenditure on input subsidies in empirically predicting adoption of minimum tillage combined with mulching (MTM), controlling for household demographic, plot and market variables.
In a similar vein, Liu and Gupta [ 13] included journal advertising expenditure as input variable.
Swiss manufacturing data We use firm-level panel data comprising capital, labor, energy, and material expenditures as input factors for the period from 1997 to 2008.
The decreased application of chemicals and fertilizer also results in reduction of energy consumption by the agricultural machinery and reduced expenditure on inputs.
Energy dependency is defined as the ratio of total energy expenditures to the total intermediate input expenditures.
Energy dependency is defined as the ratio of total energy expenditures (US dollars) to total intermediate input expenditures (US dollars).
However, expenditure is an input for R&D rather than an outcome of R&D, which should be innovation.
In particular, they distinguish between main effects and desirable and undesirable side effects as the outputs of academic research and expenditure factors as input.
