CBOC-VAMC expenditure differences were similar for specialty care and inpatient care, but were significantly different for primary care (-$71 vs. $30 in prior study) [ 5].
These utilization and expenditure differences held even when relative distance, demographic characteristics and patient risk were controlled [ 15, 16].
To improve the understanding of expenditure differences, the contribution of single ATC groups to total expenditures was analysed and displayed by BMI group.
Owing to the stepwise calculation, approach 2 provides two p-values, the first referring to differences in the probability of service use (part 1), and the second referring to expenditure differences among service users (part 2).
The per capita health expenditure differences between the social security beneficiary in the formal sector and the non-insured (self-employed or informal sector worker) has been reduced, from 2.44 in 2003 to 1.75 in 2006.
These expenditure differences could be due to a number of factors, including a larger sample size (108 vs. 18), the inclusion of Contract CBOCs into this sample, and more complete adjustment for confounders such as distance.
Although resting energy expenditure measurements are not available from these experiments, future studies that include indirect calorimetry measures are needed to confirm how resting energy expenditure differences between subjects, as well as metabolic changes in response to glucose ingestion, affect CO2 kinetics in breath.
We contrast the experience of CBOC patients as a group against the experience of VAMC patients and crossover patients in this paper, and examine the utilization and expenditure differences between Contract and VA-staffed CBOC patients in a separate paper (available from authors).
One is to estimate his income and subtract his current expenditures, the difference being his saving.
Therefore, expenditure level differences are less distinct in 2006 with respect to 2000 (see Figure 1c. private services).
