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We did not include self-efficacy [ 64, 65] because the analyses are expected to be confounded by ability, and therefore any interpretation would be questionable even if it also affects injury risk itself.
Note that studies that are focused on intraindividual differences rather than interindividual differences (for example, tumor/normal tissue differences; longitudinal evaluation of methylation profiles; monozygotic twin studies) are not expected to be confounded by such underlying SNPs.
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Expect to be confounded; Byrne sings songs Clark wrote and vice versa.
The first is that while nutrient intake and therefore haemoglobin levels of the mother during pregnancy are expected to be strongly confounded by socio-economic factors, the expectation is that genotype will not be associated with these factors.
We do not, however, expect associations to be confounded in the replication sample because adjustment for population stratification did not influence associations in the discovery sample (data not shown).
Changes in the exposure to VKAs are expected to be influenced by confounding factors.
In another study of intracervical anaesthesia that was included, women received 100 mg tramadol, which might be expected to be a strong confounding factor.
Because DV is expected to be less affected by BMI confounding, based on a meta-analysis involving dense area [ 33], the observed differences in DV do indicate that variation in dense tissue is present that may translate into a difference in breast cancer risk.
To assess content and predictive validity, we used seated height and cognitive status, proxied by delayed 10-word recall score, as validation outcomes, which even after adjustment for confounding would be expected to be negatively associated with sustained or chronic early life stress.
Confounding effects are expected to be encoded in the matrix representing the correlation between arrays, the inter-sample correlation matrix.
This reduced the potential for confounding as country-level confounding variables can be expected to be more similar in Europe than in a global context.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com