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To determine an appropriate effect size, the results of a recent Cochrane review of RCTs assessing psychological interventions for problem gambling was examined, and based on expected standardised effect size ranging from d=0.50 and d=0.84, for financial loss from gambling and frequency of gambling, respectively, the study was powered to detect the smaller reported effect size of d=0.50.
Results The overall risk of cancer in patients with metal-on-metal hip implants was similar to that in the Finnish population (378 observed v 400 expected, standardised incidence ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.04).
A similar pattern was seen in those with affected relatives, whose overall risk of ulcerative colitis was clearly higher than the background risk (1404 observed v 446 expected; standardised incidence ratio 3.15, 2.99 to 3.32).
As anticipated, the number of cases during 4.2 million person years of follow-up in this predisposed cohort clearly exceeded the expected number based on rates in the underlying general populations of Sweden and Denmark (1404 observed v 446 expected; standardised incidence ratio 3.15, 2.99 to 3.32).
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Based on seven cases observed and 1.14 expected, the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) for oesophageal cancer in the entire cohort was 6.195%5% confidence interval: 2.5 12.6), corresponding to an absolute excess risk of 1.1 per 10,000 person-years at risk (95% CI: 0.32 2.52).
In addition, the random error of non-standardised expected survival and the correlation between non-standardised expected and absolute survival were estimated to check the assumptions of negligible variation of expected survival and negligible correlation.
It is not expected that further standardised test for psychopathology would add to the validity of our findings.
Seven oesophageal cancers were identified, as compared with 1.14 expected, yielding a standardised incidence ratio of 6.195%5% confidence interval: 2.5 12.6).
Among the 1445 blood relatives of AT patients, 225 cancers were observed, with 170.4 expected, yielding a standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1 1.4).
Among 16 541 3-year survivors of childhood cancer in Britain, 39 soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) occurred and 1.1 sarcomas were expected, yielding a standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of 16.1.
Among 14 088 patients, with a primary diagnosis of Parkinson's disease during the period 1977 98 identified from the National Register of Patients, 1282 cancers were subsequently recorded in the Danish Cancer Registry, compared with 1464 expected, with a standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of 0.88 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8 0.9).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com