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Based on previous findings, we expected externalizing problems to predict early initiation, with adolescents with higher levels of externalizing problems being more likely to be early initiators.
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We expected that externalizing problems (ADHD, ODD) would be associated with higher problem ratings primarily on the Inhibit scale relative to typically developing children, but to differ with regard to scores on the Working Memory scale.
Although such substantial differences in risk may be expected with regard to externalizing problems [ 7, 35] our and other recent studies (Stringaris, Lewis, and Maughan, under review) are informative with regard to a broad range of internalizing problems.
A decline in depressive symptoms and internalizing and externalizing problems was expected, but not found.
As expected, the analysis showed that boys expressed significantly more externalizing problems than girls, but there were no differences relating to sex for internalizing problems.
As expected and consistent with previous research (e.g., Beardslee et al. 2011), adolescent COPMI reported more internalizing and externalizing problems than adolescent non-COPMI, both at baseline and at follow-up.
Internalizing problems were more frequent than externalizing problems (Fig. 1b).
Table 2 Associations between TMD and internalizing problems, externalizing problems, social, thought and attention problems.
The problem behaviour domain includes the sub-domains of externalizing problems, internalizing problems and hyperactivity.
Further, ToM and EF were shown to independently and jointly predict externalizing problems, and to partially mediate the effects of OXT and AVP on externalizing problems.
Externalizing problems are among the most common mental health problems of children.
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