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A simple case is when the information expected by one system is different from the information provided by the other one.
This bimodality is expected, rather than a single mode with a long tail towards the left (as expected by one referee).
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That he would escape the death sentence was expected by no one, not even Weidmann, who in one of his two sensational confessions said to his judge, "I'm guilty, terribly guilty.
The containment of SARS in 2003, expected by no one in the developed world, was probably the latest example of mass mobilization and a vivid demonstration that the Chinese, when unified, have a unique ability to grab triumph from the grip of disaster.
In contrast, for genes that reduce fitness when they are over-expressed, only two bins contain more complexes than expected by chance – one complex has 80 90% of tested subunits with an over-expression phenotype (compared to 0.01 expected, p = 0.006) and 5 complexes have >90% of tested subunits with an over-expression phenotype (1.54 expected, p = 0.02).
10%, or 117 of the genes differentially expressed between human and chimpanzee livers were also among the genes affected by human and chimpanzee diet differences, a proportion larger than expected by chance (one-sided permutation test, p = 0.001; Figure 2).
This represents a significantly greater overlap than expected by chance (one-tailed Fisher Exact test, p = 0.0009), and suggests that these 501 transcripts are consistently regulated regardless of differences in genetic background (though hierarchical clustering still demonstrates that individuals cluster based on colony-level differences; data not shown).
The observed survival in family L was significantly lower than expected by the one-gene model at doses 375 and 1500 g diclofop-methyl ha−1 (Table 3).
When tested as a group, the birds tended to make more correct choices than expected by chance (one-sample t-test: T = 2.505, df = 4, P = 0.066) but not for each cue type separately (one-sample t-tests: proximal: T = 0.975, df = 4, P = 0.385; distal: T = 1.365, df = 4, P = 0.244).
Related plants may also associate with 'more' divergent AMF communities than expected by chance, based on one study (Veresoglou and Rillig 2014).
This is substantially more metabolites than expected by chance, where one could expect 9 false-positives per OB vs. OB/D comparison due to multiple testing at a 5% significance level.
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