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Distrust simplifies the social world, allowing the individual to move rationally to take protective action based on these positive expectations of harm.
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It is a while before you realize that Mia doesn't start fights, but the speed and violence of her response to aggression says everything about her expectation of harm.
The team compared brain images during the expectation of harm with those produced once the subjects were actually in pain, when another needle was inserted on the other side of the jaw.
Accordingly, we developed a virtual dodgeball intervention designed to elicit graded increases in lumbar spine flexion while reducing expectations of fear and harm by engaging participants in a competitive game that is entertaining and distracting.
All participants completed a pregame baseline and a follow-up assessment (4 6 days later) of lumbar spine motion and expectations of pain and harm during standardized reaches to high (easier), middle, and low (hardest to reach) targets.
With graded activity, loads are introduced gradually and thereby producing disconfirmations of expectations of pain and harm and actual consequences of the activity [ 47].
These perceptions of caffeine compared to other substances seemed to temper participants' responses about their expectations of the risk of harm associated with consuming caffeine.
This includes the benefits of patient engagement and satisfaction; standardization of best practice messaging; more realistic expectations of risks and harms; as well as a more efficient use of the clinician's time.
Patients can also have unrealistic expectations of treatment benefits and harms [ 6].
DAs are superior to usual care interventions in improving knowledge and realistic expectations of the benefits and harms of options; reducing passivity in decision making; and lowering decisional conflict due to feeling uninformed [ 7].
A recent Cochrane review [ 40] established that DAs: (1) improve knowledge; (2) reduce decisional conflict; (3) clarify expectations of possible benefits and harms; (4) lead to choices consistent with informed values; and (5) result in greater participation in decision making.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com