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The association between patient expectations and function was assessed in 11 studies.
At the long term none of the studies investigated the association between self efficacy expectations and function.
At the short term no association was found between outcome expectations and function (adjusted, 1 study, N=51, quality score=68%).
No association was found between self-efficacy expectations and function at the short term both in unadjusted analysis (1 study, N=100, quality score=53%) and adjusted analysis (1 study, N=100, quality score=53%).
The associations between self efficacy and outcome expectations and pain (medium and long term) and self efficacy and outcome expectations and function (medium term) were the ones that were most in favour of an actual relationship between expectations and outcomes.
An unclear picture was also seen for the unadjusted and adjusted association between outcome expectations and function at the long term (unadjusted 4 studies, N=130-2350, quality score=6-63%) (adjusted, 4 studies, N=598-2350, quality score=52-74 score=52-74
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When assuming that the educational background of parents also influences their educational expectations (e.g., Sewell and Shah 1968a, b; Jacob 2010; Rockwell 2011), the effect of these expectations and the function of parents as role models can also be identified within the data.
It is possible that if carers were able to focus more on appraising patients as responsible for positive events in their lives, this might lead to improvements in carer expectations and patient functioning, less role stress and more positive interactions.
Both significant positive and non-significant associations were found for the association between expectations and pain and function.
This association however, was found when investigating the relationship between expectations about pain and function.
The preoperative expectations for pain and function compared with the actual outcome at 2 years follow-up are presented in Table 2. Values in parentheses are those for the group excluding patients who had undergone further operations on the knee.
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