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This is the expectation value.
The expectation value is a c-number.
with 〈·〉 denoting the expectation value.
where E is the expectation value.
where is the expectation value of the idle period.
Thus the energy expectation value 〈E n 〉 is (22).
In (25), the expectation value is given as (31).
We then calculate the expectation value, which, in general is given by ⟨ f ⟩ = ∫ fdμ.
It is simply a term that resulted from the widely used translations of the German 'Bodenerwartungswerte' as land expectation value or soil expectation value.
Considering the boundary effect, the node coverage area and its expectation value is to be solved.
NPV to infinity (i.e., soil expectation value) with 3% discount rate was maximized in all problems.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com