where E μ P is the expectation under probability measure μ P. Then ( t n , F n, n ≥ 1 ) is a non-negative martingale under probability measure μ.
where E Q denote the expectation under probability measure Q.
where E P is the expectation under probability measure P.
Contrary to expectation, the probability of infestation decreased with host abundance and the abundance of alternative hosts, suggesting a dilution effect.
According to the nature of mathematical expectation in probability theory, E[x 2] = E 2[x] + var(x), var(x) is the variance of x. trace(x) is the trace of x.
In addition, contrary to our expectation, the probability that a farmer adopts organic cotton tends to be, ceteris paribus, 5 percentage points higher when the level of education drops a unit (Table 6).
Finally, if all of the clusters have been calculated by this method, the objectives for the original sampling scenarios (K scenarios) are captured, and then the expectation and probability distribution of the scheduling objective are able to be analyzed.
where ({bar p_{S}} = {text {E}}left [{{{mathbf {P}}^{o}}left (n right)}right ]) is the expectation of probability for a successful transmission, which has nothing to do with time slot n.
