Overall, these results show that cross-modal temporal expectations not only affect perceptual or motor levels of processing stages but also impact more central stages of word recognition such as the processing of the first syllable.
The results show complementary strengths and weaknesses of processing each frame directly vs. processing the fully registered scene, which accord with intuitive expectations.
"Every step of processing changes the possibilities".
Level of processing: Moderately processed.
Post FES beta ERD is followed by beta ERS and is most prominent for condition 3. A short-lasting increase in power in the theta band, can be noticed in all three electrode location in conditions 1 and 2 upon FES and in all three conditions after cessation of FES, probably related to expectation and processing of sensory sensation.
In the same study, reduced amplitudes of the contingent negative variation (CNV) component indicated further deficits related to the expectation of a stimulus, namely time processing, motor and non-motor preparation [ 28].
The role of contextual expectation in processing familiar and novel stimuli was investigated in a series of experiments combining eye tracking, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and behavioral methods.
The finding that expected emotional events evoke enhanced behavioral and brain responses than the unexpected ones do provides a strong piece of evidence for the effect of expectation on emotion processing.
Reduced amplitudes of the subsequent contingent negative variation (CNV) component indicate further deficits related to the expectation of a stimulus, in time processing, motor and non-motor preparation in childhood ADHD [ 17, 18, 22].
Although such studies might lead to the expectation of greater activation in semantic processing areas for high-frequency words, only 2 prior imaging studies have reported such a pattern (Prabhakaran et al. 2006; Carreiras et al. 2009).
