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A total of 38 teachers completed both a traditional teacher expectation measure and a modified Implicit Association Task designed to assess ethnic stereotypes associated with academic achievement and failure.
Therefore we might have missed studies that included an expectation measure in their multivariable models but did not report it in their abstract because findings were non-significant.
In those cases we used the expectation measure that conceptually is closest related to the outcome in our analysis for example when the outcome was 'pain', the association between expectations about post-operative pain and post-operative pain was regarded the association of interest and not the association between expectations about post-operative functioning and post-operative pain.
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To date, most research on teacher expectation effects has relied on explicit expectation measures that are prone to social desirability biases.
"The inflation expectation measures in the Michigan survey have moved higher recently, although long-term expectations are still historically low," said UBS Economist Maury Harris.
It's the second monthly fall in a row -- and will fuel fears that The forward-looking business expectations measure also fell, to 101.6 from 103.6 in March.
Research helps to set clear expectations, measure student understanding, and provide support for strategic planning and improvement.
We used the outcome expectations measure developed by Dalton et al., but adjusted for a wider range of variables and still found the summary measure of positive expectations to be the strongest predictor of susceptibility to smoking.
Columns 1 and 4 of Table 4 present the role of expectations, measured by the logarithm of the expected monthly foreign wage, on the likelihood of migrating illegally.
Figure 3 presents forecast errors for 1-month and 1-year ahead expectations, measured as the difference between the expected and observed future rate.
There has been a modest pickup in inflation expectations (measured by the difference between the yield on inflation-linked bonds from that on conventional bonds).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com