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Expectation bias occurs when we hold different groups accountable to different standards.
Expectation bias is grounded in stereotypes such as women are not as good at math or spatial learning; Hispanics and African Americans are lower achieving than Whites; Hispanics, African Americans, poor, and obese people are lazy; male athlete are jocks (muscular but not smart); Asians have higher math abilities; and blondes are less intelligent than brunettes.
First, the fact that parents were not directly queried about their stocks of social and economic capital and that student assessments of these were used as proxy measures opens our paper to criticisms of behavioral expectation bias, social desirability bias, or social acquiescence bias.
So when we set out last year to simulate a magnetorotational supernova in 3D, we had an expectation bias: such explosions worked beautifully and robustly in 2D.
This waitlist control study has limitations due to expectation bias, and selection bias.
Furthermore, observers were not blinded to the measurements and consequently expectation bias cannot be excluded.
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Care was taken in the informed consent to ensure that participant blinding was preserved and thus keep expectation biases as equal as possible in both treatment groups.
Third, although valid and reliable survey instruments were used, self-reported data are susceptible to expectation biases and other misclassification effects.
The focus group approach does come with attendant limitations such as potential moderator bias, the inhibition of responses from quieter attendees due to personality or community politics, and other response expectation biases.
Our hypotheses were that temozolomide would significantly improve outcome in animal models of glioma; and second that publication and expectation biases would lead to significantly higher estimates of efficacy in studies published after the Stupp trial.
Unconscious bias stems from our experiential expectations; bias being an error in decision making.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com