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We tested our main hypothesis that the FN would not show a significant negative deflection based on participant expectancy of losses in the absence of task-induced affect responses, through use of a one-sample t test on computed FN amplitude difference scores (low win expectancy difference high win expectancy difference), for the FZ, FCZ, and CZ electrodes.
Similarly, facilitation for positive probes was present in the LE condition (30 ms), but not in the HE condition (−11 ms); that expectancy difference was statistically significant, F 1,40) = 4.581, p = .038.038
RT interference for negative probes tended to be greater in the LE condition than in the HE condition (187 ms vs. 145 ms), although the expectancy difference was not significant, F 1,40) = 2.288, p = .138.138
Life expectancy in Glasgow overall, and by deprivation decile, was compared to that in Aberdeen, Dundee and Edinburgh combined, and the life expectancy difference decomposed by age using Arriaga's discrete method.
NRC researchers estimated that a large part of the life expectancy difference was attributable to smoking, amounting to 80% and 40% of the difference for women and men, respectively.
Third, we calculated the reduction in life expectancy difference due to deprivation by comparing the difference in life expectancy between Glasgow and ADE from overall life expectancies to the difference from the deprivation weighted average life expectancies.
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Moreover, for the first time, it will be possible to assess the contribution of differences in life expectancy, differences in dispersion of ages at death and in asymmetry to the between-country variation and convergence/divergence of the distributions over time.
Overall, alcohol related deaths made the most significant contribution to the life expectancy differences at age 35 among men.
By calculating and decomposing life expectancy differences the following questions were answered: Is lower life expectancy in Glasgow compared to Aberdeen, Dundee and Edinburgh combined accounted for by Glasgow's socioeconomic deprivation profile?
56 A study nominated Denmark (out of 5 countries in Europe) as the country that would gain the largest reduction in life expectancy differences if the lowest educational group adopted the risk factor distribution of the highest educated, while in other countries it would have a rather small effect.
There are lots of reasons that people with lower incomes and educations tend to have lower life expectancies: differences in access to health care, in exposure to air and water pollution, in nutrition and health care early in life, and in behaviors, such as smoking, exercise and diet.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com