The global accelerated increase in life expectancy demands activities intended to improve the quality of life of the elderly population [ 1].
Ageing populations, longer life expectancy, increasing demand for services, new technologies and new medicines all contribute to the financial pressures.
In his recent review Emmelkamp [ 3] suggests that expectancy and demand effects are likely to play a role in producing positive emotional effects in ABM.
The comparison with relaxation, as an active treatment control, reduces the possibility that the benefits from CNT were solely due to expectancy and demand effects.
Moreover, that sleep was not a primary outcome of interest and part of a wide range of study assessments further reduces the chance of expectancy or demand biases.
There has been some research on this topic, usually framed in the context of expectancies or demand characteristics, though there has been little dedicated study of the latter outside laboratory settings [ 13].
Low scores on depression, late in the disease, may also be associated with a narrowing of life expectancies and demands as the disease progress, leading to reduced stress and negative emotional reactions.
As a matter of fact, possibly for cultural reasons, social pressure to be physically attractive might be stronger on female individuals with respect to males, hypothetically resulting in higher vulnerability to develop problems in the capability of managing successfully interpersonal relationships, when not fulfilling completely with the society expectancies and demands (Marcus and Miller 2003).
Due to demographic ageing and increasing life expectancy, a growing demand for long-term nursing home care can be expected.
As life expectancy increases, the demand for physicians qualified to handle complex geriatric healthcare will exceed physicians available [ 21].
