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During expansion, the force of the appliance counteracts the existing anatomical resistance from the dentoalveolus, midpalatal suture, zygomaxillary buttress, and circummaxillary sutures [9] [15].
When the jackscrew is activated during conventional expansion, the force on the maxillary teeth creates equivalent moments at the centers of resistance of each maxillary half.
By applying a Newton-Raphson strategy and a Taylor expansion, the force residual R may be evaluated at T + αΔT and written as: (B.6) (B.7) where K is the deformation-dependent tangential stiffness and the subscript k denotes the kth iteration, denotes functions with respect to variables ●.
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During conventional palatal expansion, the forces must overcome the resistance of stress-dissipating structural pillars, referred to as maxillary buttresses [36].
The developed analytical and numerical models are capable of predicting the stress field in the expansion zone, the force required for expansion, as well as the length and thickness variations induced in the tubular due to the expansion process.
Afghan and United Nations officials have long pushed for an expansion of the force.
Last month, Vice President Dick Cheney said the Bush administration would oppose the expansion of the force and focus instead, he said, on helping to train the Afghan Army.
In November 2008 the Security Council authorized the expansion of the force by 3,000 military and police, and as of Nov. 30, 2009, 20,255 uniformed personnel were in the field.
While President Karzai and Kofi Annan, the United Nations secretary general, have called for an expansion of the force, the Bush administration has been slow to endorse such a move, citing the reluctance of other countries to supply troops.
But he did not offer to provide the logistical support and security guarantees that foreign nations say would be needed to encourage them to contribute more peacekeepers or to take an active role in organizing an expansion of the force.
The United States has resisted any expansion of the force beyond Kabul, saying Afghanistan's future security lies in building a new national army, which Washington has pledged to help finance and train.
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