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The PCB deforms in the reflow process by gravity and thermal expansion difference of materials.
A stress was imposed by abruptly changing the sample temperature, exploiting the thermal expansion difference between oxide and substrate.
The most thermal stresses take place in the reinforcing structures around the holes because of the thermal expansion difference of the inconel shell and the steel reinforcements.
The present cavity consists of only InP-based epitaxial materials so that it is free of interface defects and thermal expansion difference.
The use of a bimetallic material to connect the EPU to the vacuum system achieves the vacuum sealing and to resolve the leakage issue due to bake process induced thermal expansion difference.
Other than discoloration, polyurea coatings did not change significantly, and the junction of its cross-section with the steel substrate did not crack, because of the thermal expansion difference.
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The temperature difference between the meter roller's middle and edge is approximately dozens of degrees Celsius, resulting in radial thermal expansion differences among different outer rings.
Post weld heat treatment can mitigate defects formation caused by the thermal expansion differences.
This is relevant considering the large expansion differences (thermal or hydric) between the repair mortar and the natural stone listed in Table 1.
Besides eliminating the need for cooling time prior to mold lifting, the unique STU® technology also helps in minimizing issues related to thermal expansion differences [18].
In addition, a neat epoxy resin (NER) model with the same geometrical shape as the filled epoxy resin (FER) was presented to compare their thermal expansion differences.
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