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Not all limitations to expanding variance are the result of natural selection.
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Specifically, assortative mating can speed the response to selection by expanding the phenotypic variance of the trait under assortment (Felsenstein 1981; Walsh and Lynch 1998; Fox 2003).
Assortative mating causes evolution directly by increasing homozygosity and indirectly by expanding the additive genetic variance for the trait under assortment, which increases the potential response to selection (Wright 1921; Fisher 1958; Felsenstein 1981; Falconer and MacKay 1996).
We show the averages of values per population through a solid line, around which we expand to the variance of values for each variable.
In this paper we consider two different methods of microarray data normalization: 1) RMA; and 2) RMA where the quantile-normalization step is expanded by VSN ("Variance Stabilization Normalization") [ 18] without calibration (RMAglobalVSN) [ 19].
For example, as 72%to92%2% of the responses fell within the first two response categories, the SPCS scale may be strengthened by expanding the response scale to capture more variance on the social relationship and school connectedness items.
Expanding the analysis to nine reference genes generated similar intra-group variances, with inter-group variances differed more greatly.
The modest percentage of the variance accounted for in the multivariate logistic regression argues for expanding the set of antecedent predictors to be examined in future investigations.
In contrast, beneficial interactions contribute to a reduced variance in relative abundance, an enhancement in lineage number, and a smooth expanding front.
Increased genetic variance caused by interspecific hybridization allows for both negative and positive epistasis, thus expanding the fitness distribution in both directions.
We found that deleterious interactions cause an increased variance in relative abundance, a drastic decrease in surviving lineages, and a rough expanding front.
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