Last year, Pakistan reported 54 of 74 worldwide cases of polio, down drastically from the 306 cases reported in the country the year before, mainly due to expanded immunisation efforts.
It aimed to further improve nutrition through educating mothers, providing school lunches in 5000 impoverished areas, and other initiatives, and to expand immunisation of children against communicable diseases (Porapakkham, 1986).
The Expanded Immunisation Program included vaccines for bacillus Calmette Guérin (at birth), hepatitis B (at birth and one and six months), poliomyelitis (at two, three and four months), diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis combined vaccine (at three, four and five months), measles (at eight and 18 months) and Japanese encephalitis (at eight months) during infancy.
Examples of systematic reviews could include understanding interventions for improving routine immunisations coverage, the effects of mass vaccination campaigns on routine immunisations services, financial arrangements for immunisations and other primary healthcare programmes, and the effectiveness of interventions for expanding routine immunisations services beyond childhood.
We examined the capacity of splenocytes of IFN-γR KO and wild-type mice to differentiate into osteoclasts in vitro, and we investigated whether the extramedullar splenic CD11b+ cell population, expanded after immunisation with collagen type II in complete Freund's adjuvant (CII/CFA) in the IFN-γR KO mice, can be regarded as possible osteoclast precursors.
Camp residents receive World Health Organisation (WHO) Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) immunisations, but immunisations against respiratory pathogens (Haemophilus influenzae type B, influenza viruses, and Streptococcus pneumoniae) are not available.
Therefore, expanded programmes of immunisation and immunisation campaigns are promoted and organised by the MoHSS.
Table 1 summarizes the critical events described above, and, in retrospect, their impact on the immunization system.> -wrap-foot> Expandedanded Programme for Immunisation; IPPI, Intensified Pulse Polio Immunisation; KGMOA, Kerala Government Medical Doctors Association UIPIP, Universal Immunization Programme; VPD, Vaccine Preventable Disease.
In Ghana, immunisation has been a core public health activity through the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) since1985 [ 4].
Furthermore, new vaccines continue to be incorporated in the existing Expanded Programme on Immunisation, 22 23 adding more logistical and financial pressure to the routine immunisation services.
What we do know is that if a pandemic were to occur and a vaccine is produced, the country's Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) will have to distribute it and the response will need to be rapid," says Ms Diana Chang Blanc, Regional Immunisation Specialist of United Nations Children's Fund East Asia and Pacific Regional Office (UNICEF EAPRO).
