Their criteria are that (1) the expanding velocity of the vapor cloud exceeds the escape velocity of the planet, and that (2) the mass of the vapor cloud exceeds the mass of the atmosphere above the tangent plane.
The expanding wave velocity was defined to be negative (Fig. 2b) and the contracting wave velocity (Fig. 2e) to be positive.
For a colony with initial radius \(R_0\) expanding at velocity v, significant genetic demixing, caused by local genetic drift, occurs only up to a finite time \(t^*=R_0/v\), after which portions of the colony become causally disconnected due to the inflating perimeter of the expanding front.
But it has expanded with particular velocity of late.
We simplify eq 14 by expanding the target velocity into a uniform velocity, u (i.e., not a function of z), and a perturbation ũ, which depends on z and t as follows: 16 The expansion of eq 14 follows: 17 For our process, we assume our target remains focused by ITP, so that its velocity v is governed by the electric field of the ITP near the LE/TE interface.
The expanded uncertainty for phase velocity is intrinsically dependent on accurate speed of ultrasound estimation in the reference medium.
Then, the influence of the expanded metal geometry, impact velocity, and material yield stress are investigated in depth.
The fluid is considered inviscid and incompressible; it is described by the velocity potential expanded in a series.
We combine our expanded sample of radial velocity measurements with constraints from transit and secondary eclipse observations to provide improved measurements of the physical and orbital characteristics of all of the planets included in our survey.
At nearly same the liquid velocity, the expanded bed of AG-S happroximatelyely twofold higher plate number than that of AG-L, so the expanded bed of the former was much more efficient than that of the latter.
Solutions of the radiation and scattering problems are achieved by application of Green's theorem and Green's function yielding a system of hypersingular integral equations for the velocity potential expanded in terms of Legendre polynomials.
