To expand the dynamic range, the readout design based on the double-dynodes signal extraction from the photomultiplier tube has been proposed and adopted by PSD.
Such hierarchical cooperation between DNA and histone signals expands the dynamic range of genetic switches, unifying classical gene regulation by DNA-binding factors with ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling and posttranslational histone modifications.
To expand the dynamic range, it is measured on a logarithmic scale, ranging from zero to minus infinity as: (1).
The saturation control expands the dynamic range of the whole signal in the analog domain, leading to new digital values in the signal (opposite to the case when the image signal is multiplied with a digital gain).
Rather than simply expanding the dynamic range, Active D-Lighting prevents images from looking flat through localized tone control technology, and creates realistic contrast while compensating lost shadows and highlights.
Referring to Fig. 3 c, in order for the scalar multiplication to effectively expand the dynamic range of the image content in both the shadow and highlight areas, the function f(x) should have the property that f(x m)=−c and f(x M =c, where c>0 and c is a constant very close to 1, e.g., c=0.999.
To further expand the dynamic range, we attempted to exchange the donor and acceptor in the above constructs to place the donor and acceptor molecule at the C- and N-terminus, respectively, of CaM-M13 (Figure 1A).
Then, according to the strategy for expanding the dynamic range of FRET-based indicators [12], we replaced the Venus moiety in RLuc8-CaM-M13-Venus with a wild-type Venus or circularly permuted Venus variants that have a different translation start site from the original cp173Venus, as shown in Figure 1A.
Moreover, the SIM module expands the dynamic range of the SIM rates and provides the possibility of their fine-tuning.
In order to expand the dynamic range of the pharmacological response, doses ranging from 0.5 to 8 mg/kg were selected for a dose fractionation study.
