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Restoration options to reduce exotic plants in the South Korean sand dune areas were found to be the introduction of native plant species from one sand dune into other sand dune areas, prohibition of building and the introduction of exotic soils, and conservation of surrounding sand dune areas.
AMF communities extracted from native and exotic soils were classified as "NAT" if they occurred in the root zone of M. tenuiflora and as "EXO" if they occurred in the root zone of the invasive exotic plant species P. juliflora.
Differences in AMF community composition were associated with (1) differences in the dominant plant species (P. juliflora vs M. tenuiflora) and (2) changes in soil chemical factors (soil, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available P) in exotic soils.
These results contribute to a deeper view of the AMF communities in exotic soils and open new perspectives for ecological processes involving AMF species and exotic plant species in the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest.
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Plants grew better in the presence of both native and exotic soil-burrowing earthworms.
Three-way ANOVAs were used to test the effects of sterilization (sterile versus non-sterile), species identity (native versus exotic), soil sources (Solidago rhizosphere versus Stipa rhizosphere), and their interactions on emergence.
Three-way ANOVAs were used to test the effects of sterilization (sterile versus non-sterile), species identity (native versus exotic), soil sources (Solidago rhizosphere versus Stipa rhizosphere), and their interactions on the total biomass per plant and competitive effects.
However, the influence pattern of exotic plant on soil ecological processes was not consistent as exotic plants affected the soil ecosystem processes through a variety of mechanisms (Hedge and Kriwoken 2000; Yeates and Williams 2001; Mack and D'Antonio 2003; van der Putten et al. 2007).
Decoupling is used here to mean that established interactions between exotic plants and soil organisms were disrupted and replaced to some degree by interactions between native plants and soil organisms (Bardgett et al. 2013).
Both natives and exotics preferred agricultural soils to a plantation forest and a native forest soil.
In the soil, exotic visitors have found a home among the locals: Thai basil, peppery rau ram and frilly perilla mingling with skinny tapers of verbena and heart-shaped lemon balm, which reads as mint to the eye and lemon on the tongue.
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