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We estimate these externalities using detailed geographic establishment data and exogenous variation from national chain bankruptcies.
Industry deregulation provides a source of exogenous variation in the extent of product market competition.
So I use the coincidence of competitive presidential, gubernatorial, and Senate primaries as exogenous variation in turnout.
A quasi-experiment that exploits a plausibly exogenous variation in securitization status of a delinquent loan confirms these results.
We use exogenous variation in the probability of CS in a fuzzy regression discontinuity design.
These tests include regressions of changes in value on changes in board structure, different matching procedures, dynamic GMM estimation, and exogenous variation in Massachusetts corporate law.
One way of thinking about the results is to view them through the lens of the exogenous variation in the types of diversity pressures that firms face.
We conduct a long-term event study exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in board structure due to changes in Massachusetts' corporate law.
From a statistical standpoint, we identify the effect of technology spillovers on financial policies using exogenous variation in federal and state R&D tax credits.
The second treats demand and supply in a system of nonparametric simultaneous equations, leading to constructive proofs exploiting exogenous variation in demand shifters and cost shifters.
Identification relies on exogenous variation in schooling induced by a mandatory school reform rolled out nationwide in Italy in the early 1960s.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com