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The efficacy of 6 in inhibiting the proteolytic activity of proteinase K at a concentration of 0.10 mM allows a signal to be obtained for an exogenous target ('Xeno RNat) at 29 PCR cycles (i.e., Ct = 29), whereas the control MeOSuc-AAAPV-CH2Cl 1 requires a 7.5-fold higher concentration (0.75 mM) to produce the same Ct.
We therefore wanted to assess the functional status of effector T cells in these sites, as well as in tumors, in the absence of exogenous target cells.
To our knowledge, this is the first example where two functional loops of a knottin peptide have been engineered against an exogenous target.
For example, in conditional KO mice with the exogenous target gene [21], [22], the exogenous target gene may be different from the endogenous target gene in expression level and have any unexpected dominant effects, unlikely in conditional KO mice with flox/Cre system.
Intracellular IFNγ staining of Thy1.1+ DUC18 T cells was conducted at days 2 and 6 post-transfer into CMS5 tumor bearing mice; no exogenous target cells were given i.t. or i.v. Similar to the previous study [43], tumor-infiltrating DUC18 CTL, but not those trafficking through dLNs or spleens, were found to be producing IFNγ when examined ex vivo (Figure 4D).
Arabidopsis miRNA precursors have been modified to silence endogenous and exogenous target genes in the dicotyledonous plants Arabidopsis, tomato and tobacco [2], [13], [21] [23], and because of their specificity and versatility, amiRNA vectors are recognized as second-generation RNAi vectors [12].
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This effect could be overcome by incorporating an exogenous targeting ligand into the highly shielded LNPs, thereby circumventing the requirement for ApoE association.
Phosphatidylserine is a naturally occurring phospholipid (PL) and its use for targeting macrophages may improve the biocompatibility of the contrast agent and avoid the use of exogenous targeting agents such as antibodies and peptides.
The ability of four instruments within the general class of exogenous targeting instruments, proposed by Segerson [Journal of Environmental Economic Management 15 (1988) 87], to induce socially optimal outcomes in a group moral hazard environment is investigated in an experiment based on Nalbantian and Schotter [American Economic Review 87 (1997) 314].
These findings expand the potential of the cystine-knot scaffold for future studies where multiple knottin loops can be simultaneously engineered to bind to exogenous targets.
Therefore, although effector T cells in the dLNs and spleens are capable of lysing tERK+ target cells in these sites when such cells are present, in the absence of exogenous targets, these DUC18 effectors do not produce IFNγ locally.
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