They introduce a parameter (gamma in [0,1]) for the share of the tax burden that is paid by the employee in their model and show that exogenous sharing-rules restrict the principal's ability to trade-off risk sharing versus incentives.
I analyze Nash implementation when agents might use an exogenous tie-breaking rule to choose among the messages they are materially indifferent between.
Known causes of these birth defects such as anomalies in the synthesis of testosterone or adrenal steroid hormones or exogenous modifiers were ruled out after examination by pediatric urologists or neonatologists.
This is due to the endogenous individual labor incomes in our model, which rule out exogenous shifts in individual income sources that keep the household's aggregate budget fixed.
The legitimacy of the difference-in-differences approach is grounded on three assumptions: 1) The change in the reimbursement rules provided exogenous variation; 2) there were no sector specific shocks coincident with the 2002 change in the reimbursement rules, and 3) secular trends in the labor market are common to individuals in both groups.
However, a multifactorial genesis of LI phenotypic variation including endogenous and exogenous factors cannot be ruled out.
Familias en Accion Urbano, a conditional cash transfer program implemented at scale in the country of Colombia, uses a means-test cutoff score selection rule that provides exogenous variation in program participation.
In our empirical study, our identification strategy is to exploit a Norwegian reform of early voting rules as an exogenous source of variation in turnout.
There is less evidence for other countries and notably for continental Europe maybe because large reforms, creating exogenous variation in tax-benefit rules, were less available.
Insensitivity of the ST mutant to gibberellins can be ruled out since exogenous application of GA3 completely prevented tuberization.
