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The initiation of exogenous feeding is known to alter gene expression through the activation of certain metabolic pathways, such as the glycolytic pathway enabling the utilisation of exogenous feeds or fatty acid pathways facilitating lipid metabolism and deposition [ 60].
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In crustacean culture, this is the first report of successful use of Artemia cysts from the onset of exogenous feeding.
All experiments were triplicated and designed in three different administrations of probiotic from 3 days after hatching (DAH) concurrently with starting of exogenous feeding.
This indicates that silver perch larvae have about 5 days (from 6 to 10 dph) to perform exogenous feeding before the endogenous deposits are totally absorbed.
The gross and histological changes associated with this fundamental biological process were investigated in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) 4 weeks before emergence (alevins), at emergence (swim-up fry), and 2 weeks after emergence with or without exogenous feeding.
Even though the initial size of a silver perch larva is smaller, its initial yolk sac volume is relatively larger in terms of the YsL-TL ratio (0.54) than for Thai pangas (0.42) (Islam 2005), illustrating that the larvae is better equipped, in terms of its endogenous reserve as an energy source, to challenge the possibility of delayed exogenous feeding.
Exogenous feeding generally commences before the yolk is fully absorbed (Ghelichi et al. 2010; Gisbert et al. 2000, 2004; Haga et al. 2014; Islam 2005; Kailasam et al. 2007; Klimogianni et al. 2011; Mookerji and Rao 1999; Peña and Dumas 2005; Shan et al. 2008; Wang 2010; Yang 2007), as was also observed in the present study.
These changes were more pronounced after the beginning of exogenous feeding.
The second sampling took place 5 weeks into exogenous feeding (867°d post-hatch).
At five different pH levels, we compared survival and growth of newly hatched alevins from different cross-types during the yolk absorption period up to 23 days following the initiation of exogenous feeding.
This suggests that there may be costs to arriving too early such as encountering few potential mates or increasing the risk that offspring must begin exogenous feeding prior to increased food availability the following spring.
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