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Here it seems that the grains are prior the heap exists in virtue of the grains.
Everything exists in virtue of creativity, but creativity is not any thing, according to process feminist philosophers of religion.
The collection of parts that exists at a moment is an "ens per se" — it exists in its own right; but the ship is an "ens per alio" — it exists in virtue of the fact that some other things exist.
Chisholm describes the situation by saying that at each time that the ship exists, it exists in virtue of the fact that a certain collection of parts exists then.
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According to Spinoza's account of causation, this means that existing substances exist in virtue of conceptual relations to whatever explains their existence, and, similarly, conceptual relations explain the non-existence of non-existing substances.
Spinoza reasons that existing substances exist in virtue of having causes that bring about and explain their existence, and non-existing substances do not exist in virtue of causes that prevent their existence and explain their non-existence (Ip14).
Hence, states of affairs exist in virtue of the nature objects and properties.
Do they exist in virtue of the nature of things or for some other reason?
Plausibly, conventions exist in virtue of people holding that they do.
With respect to properties that are not rooted outside the times they are had, Chisholm makes an interesting claim about a difference between things that exist in their own right and things that exist in virtue of others.
In particular, I argued that implicatures are never derivable from conversational principles in the way Grice required, and do not exist in virtue of the satisfaction of Grice's cooperative presumption, determinacy, or mutual knowledge conditions.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com