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In the case that an external shock event is present ((SE=^ se, SE in vec {SE}_{V})), there exists a probability of it affecting node V, expressed as a local conditional probability fragment p(+ v|+ se).
Furthermore, there exists a probability of collision p c (k), with which the i-th malicious SU's local decision d i m ( k ) is inconsistent with FC's global decision D k), which can be denoted as p c ( k ) = P ( d i m ( k ) ≠ D ( k ) ) = P ( H 0 ) P ( d i m ( k ) ≠ D ( k ) | H 0 ) + P ( H 1 ) P ( d i m ( k ) ≠ D ( k ) | H 1 ) (33).
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The inverse problem is to determine whether a set of fragmentary probabilities or marginal distributions is conformable in the sense that there exists a probability space or joint distribution that yields these fragmentary probabilities or marginal distributions.
In countries where traditional dairy system, involving human subjects in milking and processing of milk, is in practice; there exists a high probability of cross-contamination of microorganisms between human and animal products.
Otherwise, if their distance is between αR and R, a communication link exists with a probability of p l, and p l = 1 when their distance is shorter than αR.
During installation of the patch, there exists a (low) probability of immediate conflict, e.g., a flat assumption of 10% or a measure published by a software vendor.
Although it is hard to speculate the possible roles of the gmhA-gmhB fused protein in MTC, there exists a high probability of it forming a bi-functional protein with two domains.
There exists a high probability of a great earthquake rupture along the subduction megathrust under the Mentawai Islands of West Sumatra in the near future.
Under these conditions, there exists a high probability of Fe particle agglomeration.
In short, this example illustrates that the acquisition of a call option can reduce the availability risk of generating units by allowing a power producer to sell contracting obligations to buy electricity at a fixed price, when there exists a high probability of suffering from unexpected unit failures.
The experimental design is based on two central features: first, there exists a decreasing probability of surviving which implies an uncertain future income; and, secondly, there are two sequences of income, one when individual works and another when she is retired.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com