Devolution of powers to new artificially created units failed to build from existing tenure institutions, bringing the CR's administrative authority into competition with the customary authority of pre-existing local management institutions (Hesse et al. [2000]).
Clearly, when PES policy is scaled up nationally, a significant number of poor will be unable to access PES schemes and benefit from associated payments; this suggests that PES schemes operating in the existing tenure structure which privileges formal over customary rights to forest, have huge potential to marginalize poor households.
It was also learned from group discussion held with farmers, most of them felt secured under the existing land tenure system.
Existing tree tenure system where farmers have no ownership right over naturally growing economic trees in their cacao farms, has served as a disincentive for farmers to nurture and keep economic trees in cacao farms.
The mechanism is based on existing land-tenure management in Mudraw (Papun) District in Karen State, and has brought to light the crucial role that local communities, environmental NGOs, and the de facto ethnic government play in natural resource governance.
The trend towards computerization of land information systems has only put focus on already existing formal land tenure arrangements, leaving out the informal social tenure arrangements.
The fear, doctors and faculty members say, is that there is a hidden agenda focusing on cutting costs by using the restructuring as a cover to nullify existing agreements on tenure, staffing and job security.
-- Promoting more high-risk transformative research across disciplinary boundaries where the big complicated problems need to be solved; -- Assuring today's young scientists of rewarding career paths by modifying existing standards for achieving tenure to include teaching and collaborative problem-solving.
More controversially still, they extended indefinitely the tenure of the existing cabinet, including the unelected Mr Maduro, whom Mr Chávez before his operation had anointed as his chosen successor.
We also highlight the limitations around the sole use of remotely sensed data and how these concerns can be partially addressed through combinations with (1) open-source property data, such as age, occupancy, tenure and (2) existing stakeholder data sets, including building services and measured performance.
However, the imposition of feudalism continued to sit beside existing system of landholding and tenure and it is not clear how this change impacted on the lives of the ordinary free and unfree workers.
