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We examine how the design features underlying these ethical issues are characteristic of effectiveness trials, which are often large trials that compare treatments with varying degrees of existing effectiveness data and familiarity to patients and clinicians, in community-based treatment settings, with minimal exclusion criteria that could involve vulnerable populations.
There is also scope to retrospectively add economic analyses to existing effectiveness studies.
In order to develop an appropriate set of economic tools it is important to explore existing effectiveness, service user opinion and economic evidence.
That more consideration be given to modelling as a method to estimate economic outcomes for existing effectiveness trial results, and to generalise existing quality economic evaluation results to other jurisdictions.
Thus, existing effectiveness data can be stratified by age group or presence of certain morbidities, and guideline developers could explicitly state if they were not able to identify trial data related to older or multimorbid populations.
In the short term, another way of developing the evidence base, would be to retrospectively conduct economic evaluations making use of existing effectiveness data and attaching local estimates of resource use and costs to these interventions.
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Existing vaccine effectiveness estimates derive primarily from observational studies, which may be biased.
10 11 Existing cost effectiveness studies have examined screening only with urinalysis.
Most existing comparative effectiveness techniques are unable to address unmeasured confounding quantitatively or estimate residual confounding easily.
To identify and assess the existing cost-effectiveness evidence for sample size maintenance programs.
The purpose of this study was to systematically review the quality of existing cost-effectiveness evidence and discuss implications for future research and strategies to prevent disability in leprosy and other disabling conditions.
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