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If the goal is to protect the clearinghouse from defaulting, the existing differentiation is not unreasonable.
Our fourth and final aim was to date the split between the two recognized European clades in order to provide a better understanding of the timeframe for the existing differentiation.
Villous cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), as trophoblast progenitor cells, follow one of the two existing differentiation pathways to form syncytiotrophoblast (STB) or extravillous cytotrophoblast cells (EVT).
This suggests that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is dominant over existing differentiation programs and can impose an epidermal fate or neoplasias onto a variety of cell types.
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To improve the efficiency and reproducibility, and to reduce the known interline variability of cardiac differentiation [15], [20], [21], we analyzed existing cardiac differentiation strategies [6],[12],[13],[14],[15],[24], identified >45 possible experimental variables (Figure S1), and initiated a strategy for systematically optimizing the cardiac differentiation of hPSC.
Therefore, existing cardiac differentiation protocols developed using select hESC lines with propensities toward cardiac differentiation may not be applicable to genetically and epigenetically diverse patient-specific hiPSC lines.
If migration is typically so low that even consecutive populations within sectors are genetically independent, it will also be unable to readily homogenize pre-existing differentiation remaining from the colonization process.
Studies have suggested that the pre-existing differentiation state of normal precursor cell types is so strongly encoded it survives the neoplastic transformation and accounts in part for tumor phenotype [ 29, 30].
In these contexts apart from proliferation of existing beta cells, differentiation of precursor cells located in ductal epithelium participate to the recovery of the beta cell mass [9], [23], [27] [33].
Potential alternative approaches for obtaining more insulin producing cells for the treatment of diabetes include proliferation of existing β-cells, differentiation from adult endocrine progenitor cells or embryonic stem cells, and reprogramming of non-β-cells such as acinar or liver cells to β-cells [18].
Growth, therefore, consists of the enlargement and differentiation of existing cells.
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