The question of how best to discipline what Chief Justice John Marshall in 1819 called "an artificial being, invisible, intangible and existing only in contemplation of law" is indeed vexing.
But it begins with a prolonged contemplation of existing calligraphy, a total immersion in the written word, which means keeping it in front of your eye, living with it, absorbing its particular pulses and energies before attempting to send your own version out into the world.
Insisting that the park remain "a rarefied place of contemplation, not consumption," they worked with existing regulatory and community agencies to create a unique, commercial-free urban experience.
Andrew Flitcroft, editor of the British magazine Trout & Salmon, wrote in an op-ed article last month in the British Sunday newspaper The Observer that any contemplation of increased salmon production was "recklessly irresponsible," unless existing problems with conditions were improved.
Like the minimalists, but with a vision hospitable to all manner of meaning, Warhol collapsed the contemplation of art into the self-conscious experience of existing, moment to moment, in a world where Rembrandts, say, and skyscrapers are just different objects of interest and distraction.
Should philosophers act politically (and if so, should they engage in ordinary politics in existing regimes, or work to establish new ones), or should they abstain from politics in order to live a life of pure contemplation?
At the contemplation stage of the trial, it was presumed that the OHE interventions under investigation would result in 50% reduction in the existing prevalence of gingivitis (34%) in 12 years old urban school children in Pakistan [ 1].
