Presumably the existence of these additional sanctions has successfully fulfilled the intended purpose of promoting compliance.
One wonders whether it is impossible to make assertions without the existence of social sanctions, and how plausible it is to suppose the average speaker to intend his utterance to be subject to the hearer's ability to meta-represent the speaker.
Although the species had been previously described as Lycoperdon coronatum by Jacob Christian Schaeffer (1763) and Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1772), then afterward as Geaster coronatus by Joseph Schröter (1889), the epithet coronatus is not to be used because of the existence of the sanctioned name.
The existence of legal and administrative sanctions against the misuse of such access does not guarantee that misuse will not, in fact, occur.
This solution, however, only shifts the problem one level up: upholding the meta-norm itself requires the existence of a higher-level sanctioning system.
So HD-confirmation, too, sanctions the existence of confirmation relations that seem intuitively unsound (indeed, indefinitely many of them: as we know, other variations of \(h^*\) can be conceived at will).
The above, widely known "paradoxes" then suggest that Hempel's analysis of confirmation is too liberal: it sanctions the existence of confirmation relations that are intuitively very unsound (see Earman and Salmon 1992, 54, and Sprenger 2011a, 243, for more on this).
"It is inspired by European law, which says that the people who deny the existence of the genocides must be sanctioned".
Married Catholic clergymen may not have been canonically sanctioned, but the existence of families made up of a priest, a wife and children was an acknowledged part of the culture — a "widely accepted outlaw priesthood," as an Associated Press story once called it.
Considering the unique existence of having a state-financed and sanctioned public treatment agency at a low threshold, the FPS, with a mandate to prioritize specialized treatment to families with children and violence, this study conducted in one of the larger FPS in Norway, shows first and above all that if such services get priority, these cases are flooding in.
The existence of informal payments is prima facie evidence that publicly set prices are insufficient to induce supply, and that threats of sanctions against providers who do not offer services at these prices are insufficient.
