Neumark and Grijalva chose to code simply the existence of a credit of a particular type, rather than the number of credits, but the key results (discussed below) were not sensitive to instead using a count of credits by type.
McIntosh and Wydick (2005) showed that the existence of a credit bureau might lower lender costs through lower default rates, which improved credit access for poor borrowers.
The existence of a credit default swap market that is traded off exchanges means that there is no way to know who will bear whatever losses might come in the event of a default.
That does not seem like nearly enough to enable people near the poverty level to buy individual policies, which are typically the most costly of all, yet the mere existence of the credit might encourage some employers to drop their current coverage.
"Even the existence of a credit line that allows the family to buy cable systems raises conflict-of-interest questions because the company was actually funding the family's ability to compete for properties," said Nell Minow, an editor of the The Corporate Library, which monitors corporate governance issues.
Since the existence of fraudulent credits became common knowledge late last year, many refiners have been bypassing the scores of small producers in favor of larger, household-name suppliers.
The existence of the credit-default swap market may have helped to increase the supply of corporate loans: banks are more willing to lend if they know that they can buy insurance against default.A bigger cushionChanges in regulation and legislation have also left banks with thicker cushions against economic bumps.
The existence of tax credits puts off the day when, by necessity, we return to a national wages policy that goes beyond the Gradgrind bean-counting of "minimum" and disingenuously titled "living" wages, in parallel with a national industrial development policy.
Justin Welby says he wants to 'compete' Wonga out of existence with credit unions.
It is not enough to cite the existence of the tax credit as a rationale for not increasing the minimum wage.
The existence of the irregular credit came to light in Ecuador by mid-2012, spurring a swirl of controversy in Quito.
