Existence of cost minimization effect in host-associated organisms might be due to a genome-level adaptation to utilize less expensive and small residues from the host in the highly expressed genes [ 12, 14, 50].
In addition to political barriers, 23 the existence of cost effectiveness information at the aggregate level of WHO sub-regions is no guarantee that findings and recommendations will actually change health policy at the national level (where policies are determined and resources allocated).
In sum, a dubious anti-drug strategy spawned amid the deadly crack-related urban violence of the 1980s lives on, despite changed circumstances, the existence of cost-saving alternatives to prison for low-risk offenders or the distrust of the justice system sowed in minority communities.
The existence of cost-effective manufacturing processes capable of delivering high amounts of high-quality plasmid DNA (pDNA) is essential to generate enough material for trials and support future commercialization.
Focusing on the French case, this paper shows that although inertia on the supply side (partly due to the regulation process itself), helps to explain the technology mix reached to date, a more complete picture of the inertia can be obtained when we consider the existence of costs faced by customers when switching between ISPs.
Results from two cage population experiments with a small number of mated foundresses suggest the existence of costs associated with the production of diploid V. canescens males.
Treatment gaps for depression, epilepsy, substance abuse, and stroke approach 100% in many of these settings [ 14- 17], despite the existence of cost-effective packages of mental health care that could be integrated into primary care systems [ 18, 19].
The location of the incremental cost-effect pairs indicates that there is little uncertainty regarding the existence of cost-savings with rate-control strategies (in comparison with rhythm-control strategies) because all points fall below the horizontal axis.
Therefore, the estimated coefficient ( {widehat{beta}}_0 ) demonstrated that if the trading margin and credit availability variables were kept as zero or negative values, returns changed negatively with the existence of these costs (carrying costs + impact costs + other costs).
While the tragic human toll from this pollution is never simply monetary, the existence of social cost of carbon methodologies demonstrates that there is increasingly mainstream awareness of the economic costs that fossil fuel projects externalize to the public.
While it is often assumed that harsh conditions actually reveal the existence of a cost [e.g. [ 12]], the evolutionary significance of such costs in natural conditions may be debateable [ 13, 33, 41, 42, 45].
