We also test whether the existence of benefits to patients influences effort.
Our study provides several lines of evidence for the existence of benefits that derive from the CLT, rather than from ecological, ergonomic, or genetic factors.
The potential existence of benefits for group living derived from a purely statistical principle is highly intriguing and it has implications for the origins of sociality.
A general description of foreseeable risks was present in all consent forms and statements about benefits (e.g., absence of benefits or existence of possible benefits) in almost all (98%; Table 1).
"Benefits" also include claims about the non-existence of benefits.
From an informed choice perspective, not only the existence of a benefit or harm but also its probability is important for the decision [ 14].
While evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) increasingly suggests the existence of some benefit from screening in women below age 50 at trial entry, these trials were not specifically designed to address this question, and the extent to which the observed benefit results from screening in these women after they reach age 50 remains unclear.
The former may be due to financial factors such as out-of-pocket money, insurance coverage, the existence of health benefit packages, geographical factors such as distance from health care resources, or organizational factors such as opening hours and waiting time [ 5].
Rather, it is whether employers can consider the existence of Medicare benefits, which kick in when the retiree attains age 65, when designing benefits.
Anyone who doubts the existence of these benefits need only look to Kiev's Euromaidan, where hundreds of thousands of people have been gathered for weeks to demonstrate their support for closer ties with Europe, rather than an alliance with Vladimir Putin's Russia.
