In markets where only the wholesale competition exists, the objective function is to minimize the overall purchasing fee, while in markets where the wholesale competition and the retail competition coexist, it is to maximize the social welfare.
However, there is scanty information on the nature of the training: whether a curriculum exists, the objectives related to CBE, intended outcomes, curriculum content.
When the flexibility in the constraints and fuzziness exist in the objective function, fuzzy constraints and fuzzy goals are introduced as fuzzy sets to conventional programming models.
However, the robust programming method may become inapplicable when uncertainties and nonlinearities exist in the objective function; besides, it has difficulties in dealing with uncertainties that cannot be presented as membership functions.
An "elementary landscape" exists if the objective function f is an eigenfunction of the Laplacian of the graph induced by the neighborhood operator; this allows various statistics about the neighborhood to be computed in closed form.
A unique solution to this problem exists, since the objective function is strictly concave and the feasible set is convex.
Since nonlinearity exists in the objective function, it is difficult in defining the bounds for cost coefficients and decision variables corresponding to f – and f +.
In some designs, no physical stop exists in the objective lens, and the spacers absorb the rays that overflow the limited aperture, thereby functioning as a stop.
In the process of multi-objective optimization, interaction and conflict may exist among the objectives, and optimizing the performance for any one objective can often come at the expense of reducing the performance for other objectives.
Within the framework of planning a mentoring program for medical students at Zurich University, an investigation was carried out into what types of programs exist, what the objectives pursued by such programs are, and what effects are reported.
