The axial musculature, connective tissues, and skeleton of scombrid fishes exhibit modifications of the basic actinopterygian design for swimming that highlight mechanisms for the generation and transmission of force from muscle to caudal fin.
Among the human remains excavated at the site of Nawinpukio in Peru (400 700 AD), one skull exhibits modifications, such as percussion marks, cut-marks and a polished border, which are consistent with its use as a bowl [12].
All together, these results showed that airway cells from Cftr−/− mice exhibit modifications of their oxidant and antioxidant status together with a slightly increased lipid peroxidation, providing evidence of moderate oxidative stress in the lung of mice lacking CFTR, before any sign of chronic inflammation.
The cartilage specimens from the dogs treated with placebo exhibited modifications that are typical of OA.
The majority of the species comparisons with similar divergence times as human and mouse predicted between 12% and 33% of all location-specific motifs to exhibit modifications.
Whereas unicellular eukaryotes, such as yeast, Tetrahymena and Plasmodium principally exhibit modifications associated with transcriptional activation, mammals also employ a wider range of marks involved in gene silencing [ 41, 42].
Based upon comparisons between species, we find that a large fraction of location-specific cis-regulatory elements exhibit modifications in consensus binding sequences over the course of vertebrate evolution.
In this respect, the Dcx KO mouse is unique, exhibiting subtle modifications of the hippocampal circuitry, associated with the susceptibility to epilepsy.
This was found to be the case even between closely related mammal species, with nearly a third of all location-specific consensus motifs exhibiting significant modifications within the human or mouse lineage since their divergence.
In addition, we studied the modification level distribution (the fraction of cDNA reads exhibiting the modification in a given position) for both types of modifications.
