While females generally exhibit higher motivation for cocaine than males, all differences in motivation to self-administer cocaine were obscured at the highest dose (0.75 mg/kg/infusion).
Interestingly, bLR males did not exhibit amplified motivation to take cocaine at the highest dose, in contrast to significant increases in motivation demonstrated by the other groups, including bLR females.
Motivation to self-administer cocaine often increases with escalating doses; thus, drug-taking differences are often obscured when high cocaine doses are administered, as all animals tend to exhibit elevated motivation for the drug at higher doses.
Cross-culturally and on average, men exhibit greater motivation than women to engage in short-term mating (Schmitt, 2005a), which is consistent with the fact that they, as the sex with lower obligatory parental investment, can generally derive more reproductive benefits from having many mates (Trivers, 1972).
Compared with a standard-care control coached as normal, we hypothesised that players who have been coached by coaches who have attended coach education sessions will: (1) spend a greater percentage of time in moderate-to-vigorous physically activity, (2) spend a lower percentage of time inactive, and (3) not exhibit lower motivation scores.
We report that bHR males and females exhibited higher motivation to self-administer cocaine compared with bLR rats.
Specifically, females demonstrated higher breaking points on the PR schedule compared with males, regardless of phenotype, and bHR males and females exhibited higher motivation than bLR animals at a number of the doses studied.
Patients with a lower %EBW at admission and a longer duration of illness exhibited greater motivation to change; the reverse was true for individuals with more severe eating disorder-specific psychopathology.
Table 2 exhibits patient´s motivations and their frequencies.
It is possible that these patients are more severely ill and that they therefore exhibit a stronger motivation to change and a greater need for hospitalization than non-hospitalized patients do.
