Whole, diluted diesel and gasoline exhausts were generated from engines on test stands and operated on variable-load duty cycles.
Also, the vehicle exhausts were generated from decade-old engine technologies and fuels, wood smoke was generated from an uncertified stove, and the exposure levels encompassed by this report were higher than widespread environmental concentrations.
This study was conducted to test the feasibility of growing microalgae on steel plant exhaust gas, generated from the combustion of offgases from steel processing, which has a high CO2 content.
The diesel exhaust was generated from an idling 1991 Volvo diesel engine (Volvo TD45, 4.5 l, four cylinders, 680 rpm).
Diesel exhaust was generated from 2000 model 5.9-L Cummins engines burning 300 ppm sulfur certification fuel and operated on the federal heavy-duty test cycle (McDonald et al. 2004).
Gasoline exhaust was generated from 1996 model General Motors 4.3-L engines burning fuel blended to 2001 2002 national average specifications for regular unleaded, nonoxygenated fuel and operated on the California Unified Driving Cycle (McDonald et al. 2008).
In another study, the bacterial mutagenicity of PM collected from exhaust generated using "old" and "new" technology fuels showed decreased mutagenicity with the new fuel composition (Bagley et al. 1996).
NOx removal from diesel exhaust, generated by engine bench, was also carried out by using monolithic Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-AFX catalysts.
In the city, however, the largest source of air pollution is from vehicle exhaust generated by the huge number of cars and diesel trucks traveling through and around the city.
The total output energy includes the energy associated with the main product (i.e. GJ of biofuel) and the energy associated with all other by-products (e.g., rape or soya extraction meal, glycerine, naphtha) including surplus process energy (e.g., electrical power and heat that is generated from exhaust heat or side streams out of the processes).
